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in 1990, according to the Office of Technology Assessment.5 Adjusted for inflation, the total economic cost of smoking is more than $100 billion per year. This does not include costs associated with diseases caused by environmental tobacco smoke, burn care resulting from cigarette smoking-related fires, or perinatal care for low-birthweight infants of mothers who smoke. Even though smokers die younger than the average American, over the course of their lives, current and former smokers generate an estimated $501 billion in excess health care costs.6 On average, each cigarette pack sold costs Americans more than $3.90 in smoking-related expenses.7 Nicotine Addiction and Smoking Cessation The 1988 Surgeon General's Report on Nicotine Addiction concluded that: • Nicotine is the drug in tobacco that causes addiction. • Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco are addicting. • The pharmacologic and behavioral processes that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those that determine addiction to drugs such as heroin and cocaine. Nicotine is found in substantial amounts in tobacco. It is absorbed readily from tobacco smoke in the lungs and from smokeless tobacco in the mouth or nose and is rapidly distributed throughout the body. Tobacco companies are required by law to report nicotine levels in cigarettes to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) but are not required to show the amount of nicotine on the cigarette brand labeling. The actual amount of nicotine available to the smoker in a given brand of cigarettes may be different from the level reported to the FTC. In September 1990, the US Surgeon General outlined the benefits of smoking cessation: • People who quit, regardless of age, live longer than people who continue to smoke. • Smokers who quit before age 50 have half the risk of dying in the next 15 years compared with those who continue to smoke. • Quitting smoking substantially decreases the risk of lung, laryngeal, esophageal, oral, pancreatic, bladder, and cervical cancers. • Benefits of cessation include risk reduction for other major diseases including coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease. In 1994, an estimated 69% of current smokers reported that they wanted to quit smoking completely. Quit attempts, abstaining from smoking for at least one day during the preceding 12 months, were made by about 46% of current every-day smokers.2 The percentage of adults who had ever smoked at least 100 cigarettes but did not currently smoke doubled from 24% to 49% between 1965 and 1991.3 Smoking cessation was reported more frequently by men than by women, whites than by African Americans, non-Hispanics than by Hispanics, and increased with age and education. Smokeless Tobacco There has been a resurgence in the use of all forms of smokeless tobacco, plug, leaf, and snuff, but the greatest cause for concern centers on the increased use of "dipping snuff." In this practice, tobacco that has been processed into a coarse, moist powder is placed between the cheek and gum, and nicotine, along with a number of carcinogens, is absorbed through the oral tissue. Dipping snuff is highly addictive, and exposes the body to levels of nicotine equal to those of cigarettes. In 1986, the US Surgeon General concluded that the use of smokeless tobacco "is not a safe substitute for smoking cigarettes. It can cause cancer and a number of noncancerous oral conditions and can lead to nicotine addiction and dependence." • Oral cancer occurs several times more frequently among snuff dippers compared with non-tobacco users. • The excess risk of cancer of the cheek and gum may reach nearly 50-fold among long-term snuff users. • According to the US Department of Agriculture, US output of moist snuff has risen 83%, from about 30 million pounds in 1981 to an estimated 55 million pounds in 1993.8 • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey reported that about 20% of male high school students used smokeless tobacco.9 • About 6% of men and 1% of women 18 years and older use smokeless tobacco (snuff or chewing tobacco) nationwide.10 • The use of smokeless tobacco is increasing among male adolescents and young male adults. Youth and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) In August 1995, President Clinton proposed a comprehensive plan to reduce smoking among children and adolescents by 50% by reducing access and limiting the appeal of cigarettes to children. The historic proposal was prompted by recent data that indicates that smoking among young people has increased since 1991, with the largest increase among the youngest smokers. The University of Michigan's 1995 Monitoring the Future Project indicates a 30% increase in smoking among 8th graders between 1991 and 1994.n Between 1970 and 1986, the use of snuff increased 15 times and the use of 24 CANCER FACTS & FIGURES 1997
Object Description
Title | Memoranda and "Economic Empowerment" |
Series | Series 2, NAACP, Charlotte |
Subseries | Subseries 4, Committees |
Digital Collection | Kelly Alexander, Sr. papers concerning the NAACP, 1948-1998 |
Creator | Alexander, Kelly M. |
Date Created | 1997-1998 |
Series Description | This series contains material related to the work of the NAACP in Charlotte, North Carolina and the Alexander family's involvement in the organization over the course of several decades. There is a wide variety of topics covered in the documents, including voting discrimination; the Freedom Fund; Youth Council activities; and correspondence with notable figures throughout the Charlotte area, including Alfred Alexander and Julius Chambers. |
Collection Description | This collection documents the activities of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), with an emphasis on the work and correspondence of Kelly Alexander, Sr. and his sons Kelly Alexander, Jr. and Alfred Alexander in Charlotte, North Carolina. The collection contains minutes, correspondence, reports, speeches, press releases, membership records, and a few photographs. Topics covered include school segregation, housing and employment discrimination, police misconduct, and the Charlotte Area Fund. |
Subjects--Names |
Alexander, Kelly M. Alexander, Kelly M., Jr., 1948- Alexander, Alfred L., 1952- |
Subjects--Organizations |
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Charlotte Branch. |
Subjects--Topics |
African Americans--North Carolina--Charlotte African Americans--Civil rights--North Carolina African Americans--Political activity--North Carolina--Charlotte Civil rights movements--North Carolina--Charlotte Civil rights workers--North Carolina--Charlotte African Americans--Housing--North Carolina--Charlotte Racism--Political aspects--North Carolina--Charlotte Race discrimination--North Carolina--Charlotte Police brutality--North Carolina--Charlotte Police misconduct--North Carolina--Charlotte |
Subjects--Locations |
Charlotte (N.C.)--Race relations--History--20th century Charlotte (N.C.)--Politics and government--20th century |
Coverage--Place |
Charlotte (N.C.) Mecklenburg County (N.C.) |
Box Number | 8 |
Folder Number | 23 |
Language | eng |
Object Type | Text |
Digital Format | Displayed as .jp2, uploaded as .tif |
Genre | manuscripts (document genre) |
Finding Aid | https://findingaids.uncc.edu/repositories/4/resources/701 |
Original Collection | Kelly Alexander, Sr. papers concerning the NAACP |
Digital Collection Home Page | http://digitalcollections.uncc.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16033coll20 |
Repository | J. Murrey Atkins Library Special Collections (University of North Carolina at Charlotte) |
Digital Publisher | J. Murrey Atkins Library Special Collections (University of North Carolina at Charlotte) |
Rights | These materials are made available for use in research, teaching and private study. The digital reproductions have been made available through an evaluation of public domain status, permissions from the rights' holders, and authorization under the law including fair use as codified in 17 U.S.C. section 107. Although these materials are publicly accessible for these limited purposes, they may not all be in the public domain. Users are responsible for determining if permission for re-use is necessary and for obtaining such permission. Individuals who have concerns about online access to specific content should contact J. Murrey Atkins Library. |
Location of Original | J. Murrey Atkins Library Special Collections (University of North Carolina at Charlotte) |
Grant Information | Digitization made possible by funding from the federal Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) under the provisions of the Library Services and Technology Act as administered by the State Library of North Carolina, a division of the Department of Cultural Resources. |
Identifier | naacp-ms508-0208023 |
Date Digitized | 2016-04-27 |
Rating |
Description
Title | naacp-ms508-0208023-046 |
OCR Transcript | in 1990, according to the Office of Technology Assessment.5 Adjusted for inflation, the total economic cost of smoking is more than $100 billion per year. This does not include costs associated with diseases caused by environmental tobacco smoke, burn care resulting from cigarette smoking-related fires, or perinatal care for low-birthweight infants of mothers who smoke. Even though smokers die younger than the average American, over the course of their lives, current and former smokers generate an estimated $501 billion in excess health care costs.6 On average, each cigarette pack sold costs Americans more than $3.90 in smoking-related expenses.7 Nicotine Addiction and Smoking Cessation The 1988 Surgeon General's Report on Nicotine Addiction concluded that: • Nicotine is the drug in tobacco that causes addiction. • Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco are addicting. • The pharmacologic and behavioral processes that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those that determine addiction to drugs such as heroin and cocaine. Nicotine is found in substantial amounts in tobacco. It is absorbed readily from tobacco smoke in the lungs and from smokeless tobacco in the mouth or nose and is rapidly distributed throughout the body. Tobacco companies are required by law to report nicotine levels in cigarettes to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) but are not required to show the amount of nicotine on the cigarette brand labeling. The actual amount of nicotine available to the smoker in a given brand of cigarettes may be different from the level reported to the FTC. In September 1990, the US Surgeon General outlined the benefits of smoking cessation: • People who quit, regardless of age, live longer than people who continue to smoke. • Smokers who quit before age 50 have half the risk of dying in the next 15 years compared with those who continue to smoke. • Quitting smoking substantially decreases the risk of lung, laryngeal, esophageal, oral, pancreatic, bladder, and cervical cancers. • Benefits of cessation include risk reduction for other major diseases including coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease. In 1994, an estimated 69% of current smokers reported that they wanted to quit smoking completely. Quit attempts, abstaining from smoking for at least one day during the preceding 12 months, were made by about 46% of current every-day smokers.2 The percentage of adults who had ever smoked at least 100 cigarettes but did not currently smoke doubled from 24% to 49% between 1965 and 1991.3 Smoking cessation was reported more frequently by men than by women, whites than by African Americans, non-Hispanics than by Hispanics, and increased with age and education. Smokeless Tobacco There has been a resurgence in the use of all forms of smokeless tobacco, plug, leaf, and snuff, but the greatest cause for concern centers on the increased use of "dipping snuff." In this practice, tobacco that has been processed into a coarse, moist powder is placed between the cheek and gum, and nicotine, along with a number of carcinogens, is absorbed through the oral tissue. Dipping snuff is highly addictive, and exposes the body to levels of nicotine equal to those of cigarettes. In 1986, the US Surgeon General concluded that the use of smokeless tobacco "is not a safe substitute for smoking cigarettes. It can cause cancer and a number of noncancerous oral conditions and can lead to nicotine addiction and dependence." • Oral cancer occurs several times more frequently among snuff dippers compared with non-tobacco users. • The excess risk of cancer of the cheek and gum may reach nearly 50-fold among long-term snuff users. • According to the US Department of Agriculture, US output of moist snuff has risen 83%, from about 30 million pounds in 1981 to an estimated 55 million pounds in 1993.8 • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey reported that about 20% of male high school students used smokeless tobacco.9 • About 6% of men and 1% of women 18 years and older use smokeless tobacco (snuff or chewing tobacco) nationwide.10 • The use of smokeless tobacco is increasing among male adolescents and young male adults. Youth and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) In August 1995, President Clinton proposed a comprehensive plan to reduce smoking among children and adolescents by 50% by reducing access and limiting the appeal of cigarettes to children. The historic proposal was prompted by recent data that indicates that smoking among young people has increased since 1991, with the largest increase among the youngest smokers. The University of Michigan's 1995 Monitoring the Future Project indicates a 30% increase in smoking among 8th graders between 1991 and 1994.n Between 1970 and 1986, the use of snuff increased 15 times and the use of 24 CANCER FACTS & FIGURES 1997 |
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